Modeling Large Systems

Question#:

Dear Students,

As discussed in previous classes. Please search any five (5) well-known “System Design Models for the development of large-scale systems, so that we can easily follow any formal method to develop such an application.

(As you know that we had discussed the well-known PSD model for your reference)

To know more about the PSD model follow the link: https://www.mdpi.com/2390492

1. Search any recent article for each System Design Model, which describes all about that model.
2. Summarize each article that have you chosen.
3. Provide a reference for each summarized article.
4. Post your assignment on your publicly available source like had done for your previous assignment.

Note:- It is necessary one model will best match for your previous assignment topic of developing DFD.

PAPER:1

Title: Smart Parking System based on Improved OCR Model

 

Authors: Rami Bassam and Fars Samann

 

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012007

 

Refence: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012007

 

This paper presents a smart parking system based on an improved OCR model. It detects empty parking slots using labeled characters in images captured by cameras above the slots. The system notifies users through IoT and a smart parking meter with Email alerts about available time and changing charge rates. The proposed system aims to optimize parking space utilization in urban areas.

 

This paper introduces a smart parking system based on an improved Optical Character Recognition (OCR) model to address the challenges of finding empty parking slots in urban areas. The proposed system comprises three stages: OCR-based parking slot detection, user notification through IoT, and a smart parking meter based on Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). The OCR model labels parking slots with unique characters, and cameras installed above the slots detect vacant spaces. The system shares the number of vacant slots on a website using IoT. The smart parking meter notifies users about time-limit parking through email, helping optimize parking space utilization. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed OCR model in various parking scenarios with different font styles and street textures.

 

 

This paper presents a smart parking system that utilizes an improved Optical Character Recognition (OCR) model to detect vacant parking slots in urban areas. The system consists of three stages: OCR-based parking slot detection, user notification via IoT, and a smart parking meter using SMTP. Cameras above the parking slots capture images and the OCR model labels the slots with unique characters to identify vacancies. The system shares this information on a website for drivers to find available parking spaces. Additionally, the smart parking meter notifies users via email about the remaining parking time and changes in the charge rate. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the OCR model under various parking conditions with different font styles and street textures.

 

 

Paper: 2

Title: An Open Source Solution for Smart Contract-Based Parking Management

 

Paper Type: Conference paper

 

Model used:  Layered architecture

 

Authors: Nikolay Buldakov, Timur Khalilev, Salvatore Distefano & Manuel Mazzara

 

Refence: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-47240-5_6#Sec1

 

Layered architecture is a system design model widely used in software engineering. It organizes a system into distinct layers, each with specific responsibilities, promoting modularity, separation of concerns, scalability, and maintainability. In a layered architecture, components in one layer interact with adjacent layers in a predefined manner. This design model is well-suited for parking management systems, as it allows for efficient management and maintenance of different functionalities, leading to a more organized and scalable system.

This study focuses on a parking management system involving different roles: Administrator, Landlords, and Tenants. The Administrator is responsible for authorizing processes in the city, while Landlords own land suitable for parking and seek to profit from parking fees by providing their land for parking or renting it out to Tenants. Contracts are signed between the Administrator and Landlords and between Landlords and Tenants to formalize the arrangements.

 

The study assumes that parking lots are divided into parking stalls, observable through tracking devices like cameras with image processing algorithms. A real-world example could be a mall with partitioned parking stalls rented out to businesses for convenience and offering reduced fares to visitors. Unrented stalls follow the pricing policy of the mall.

 

Overall, the study explores the dynamics of parking management involving different entities and their contractual arrangements, with a focus on optimizing parking space utilization and revenue generation.This study focuses on a parking management system involving different roles: Administrator, Landlords, and Tenants. The Administrator is responsible for authorizing processes in the city, while Landlords own land suitable for parking and seek to profit from parking fees by providing their land for parking or renting it out to Tenants. Contracts are signed between the Administrator and Landlords and between Landlords and Tenants to formalize the arrangements.

 

The study assumes that parking lots are divided into parking stalls, observable through tracking devices like cameras with image processing algorithms. A real-world example could be a mall with partitioned parking stalls rented out to businesses for convenience and offering reduced fares to visitors. Unrented stalls follow the pricing policy of the mall.

 

Overall, the study explores the dynamics of parking management involving different entities and their contractual arrangements, with a focus on optimizing parking space utilization and revenue generation.

 

This paper proposes a solution to address parking management challenges using blockchain smart contracts. The system involves different roles in the city, including City Hall responsible for system deployment and policy setting, Landlords owning land suitable for parking, and Drivers interested in parking their cars.

 

The system allows Landlords to partition their land as desired and set complex payment policies, enabling efficient renting of parking spaces. Drivers can observe available free spots and pricing policies at different parking lots, choosing the most suitable option. Payments are conducted through the system using a micro-payment channel, ensuring fair distribution of money among Landlords, City Hall, and Tenants.

 

By leveraging blockchain technology and smart contracts, the proposed solution aims to optimize parking space utilization, improve convenience for drivers, and ensure transparent and secure transactions among all parties involved in the parking management process.

 

The reviewed literature presents various blockchain-powered solutions for parking management, aiming to address issues of trustworthiness, transparency, and fairness in centralized systems. One proposed solution incorporates blockchain into regular parking scenarios, utilizing a layered architecture to standardize the integrated smart parking system. However, it supports a minimal number of scenarios, limiting its practicality.

 

Another system takes into account the process of setting up parking space for land-owners, integrating governing authorities and lease of land into the blockchain system. However, many processes still occur off-chain, hindering true decentralization.

 

A different approach uses smart contracts and privacy mechanisms to preserve user privacy while providing access to privileged nodes. The system also incorporates gamification to simplify finding parking lots and encourages user participation through rewards. However, there is limited information on the incorporation of blockchain technology.

 

Despite the various proposed solutions, a common limitation among them is the lack of flexibility for end-users. The configurations, pricing policies, and land leasing mechanisms are not thoroughly defined, making it challenging for communities to choose the appropriate system configuration and efficiently manage parking spaces. Further research is needed to enhance the adaptability and user-friendliness of blockchain-based parking management systems.

 

 

PAPER:3

Title: IoT based smart parking system

 

Authors: Abhirup Khanna; Rishi Anand

 

DOI: 10.1109/IOTA.2016.7562735

 

Refence: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7562735

 

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) revolves around the interconnection of devices and physical objects through the internet, allowing them to be tracked, controlled, and monitored remotely. IoT enables a network of smart and interactive objects that can sense, compute, and communicate data, contributing to the development of smart cities.

 

One of the significant challenges in smart cities is managing car parking facilities and traffic. With the increasing number of private car users, finding available parking spaces has become difficult. However, IoT-based systems offer potential solutions by providing real-time information to drivers about parking space availability, reducing searching times, traffic congestion, and accidents.

 

The paper proposes a smart parking system that utilizes a mobile application connected to the cloud. This system allows users to access real-time information about parking space availability. The integration of cloud computing with IoT enhances the scalability and flexibility of the system, making it efficient and adaptable to changing conditions.

 

Overall, the combination of IoT and cloud computing offers promising solutions for various urban challenges, such as smart parking and traffic management, leading to more efficient and sustainable smart cities.

 

The integration of cloud computing and IoT brings numerous benefits. IoT overcomes technological limitations with cloud's resources, while cloud extends its reach to handle real-world entities dynamically. Cloud offers unlimited storage, computation power, and communication resources for IoT devices. It ensures scalability, availability, and interoperability, enabling innovative applications in various domains.

 

The proposed smart parking system architecture utilizes IoT technology to efficiently manage parking spaces. It consists of various actors working together, including parking sensors (Infrared, PIR, and Ultrasonic), a processing unit (Raspberry Pi), a mobile application (developed in Apache Cordova and Angular JS), and the cloud (IBM MQTT server). Ultrasonic sensors detect car presence and transmit data wirelessly to Raspberry Pi, which communicates with the cloud server using MQTT protocol. The mobile application acts as an interface for users to check parking space availability and make bookings. The cloud serves as a database storing user and parking area information, allowing easy scalability and backup of data. The system provides real-time information about parking space occupancy, enhancing efficiency and user experience.

The implementation and working of the smart parking system are described in this section. The system utilizes IoT and cloud technologies to manage parking spaces efficiently. Drivers can use a mobile application to search for parking areas, select a slot, specify parking duration, and make payment. Upon parking, the driver confirms occupancy through the app. The system also sends notifications for parking time extensions and fines for exceeding parking limits. The smart parking system is designed to enhance parking facilities in smart cities, improving the quality of life for residents.

 

 

 

Paper: 4

Title: Design and Implementation of the Optimization Algorithm in the Layout of Parking Lot Guidance

 

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639558

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6639558

 

Refence: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2021/6639558/

 

 

This research addresses the pressing issue of parking difficulties and traffic accidents in expanding cities by proposing an innovative parking guidance system. The main factors contributing to the problem are limited parking spaces and insufficient parking information for drivers. While outdoor parking guidance has been explored using GPS technology, indoor navigation technology remains underdeveloped.

 

To bridge this gap, the researchers focus on indoor navigation and positioning technology, which is crucial for the advancement of smart cities. They aim to achieve high precision, low-cost, and universal indoor navigation, seamlessly integrated with outdoor navigation. This challenging research topic has significant implications for enhancing overall navigation and parking experiences.

 

The researchers develop an intelligent parking garage information guidance management system, incorporating functions such as parking space information collection, transmission, guidance control, and display statistics. To monitor parking space occupancy, infrared photoelectric switches are utilized. When a vehicle enters the parking lot, the system efficiently guides the driver to the nearest available parking space using a path optimization algorithm based on an improved Dijkstra algorithm. After parking, the system verifies the parking correctness using the infrared switches, providing valuable feedback to ensure proper parking.

 

The system's parking space guidance layout is depicted as a weighted graph, with cars, lane intersections, and free parking spaces as nodes and driving paths as edges. The optimized path weights calculated through the improved Dijkstra algorithm enable the system to determine the best parking space with the shortest driving distance, greatly improving parking efficiency.

 

The research introduces an innovative approach by prioritizing the car's location when searching for the best parking space, considering factors like safety, space availability, and driver convenience. This leads to reduced computational complexity and enhanced parking efficiency, as the system guides drivers to the most suitable parking spaces, minimizing congestion and time wastage.

 

While the research showcases promising results, the authors acknowledge the need for further improvements. They highlight the importance of rigorously proving the effectiveness of the improved Dijkstra algorithm for large parking lots and exploring more sophisticated weight calculation methods. Moreover, the potential for a more intelligent parking system with enhanced guidance displays and improved user experiences is acknowledged.

 

In conclusion, the research offers a compelling solution to the parking problem through an intelligent parking guidance system, emphasizing the significance of indoor navigation technology for smart city development. By enhancing parking efficiency and user experiences, the system contributes to building more sustainable and efficient urban environments.

 

 

 

PAPER: 5

Title: Smart park integrated management cloud platform

architecture based on microservice governance

Framework.

 

Authors: D Huang, G D Jiang, B H Sun, R Q Feng and J P Wu 

 

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/354/1/012102

 

Refence: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/354/1/012102/meta

 

The paper discusses the challenges faced by parks and companies in their internet transformation using SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) and ESB (Enterprise Service Bus) in the past decade. Despite investing in internet transformation, many did not receive the benefits promised by SOA. The emergence of microservice architecture with APIs presents a potential solution for smart parks and modern companies. Microservices offer advantages like independent deployment, effective resource isolation, and agility. However, challenges such as communication mechanisms and management complexity need to be addressed. The paper proposes a microservice governance framework to overcome data and business islands, enhance user experience, and ensure scalability and extensibility for park platforms. The platform architecture incorporates microservices, APIs, and Spring Cloud to achieve loose coupling and rapid response in the smart park system. The proposed method aims to address the shortcomings of traditional approaches and optimize the internet transformation process.

The paper proposes a micro-service governance framework for the smart park integrated management cloud platform. The platform stores data in distributed databases and pushes it to the unified data center through ETL (Extract-Transform-Load). Microservices are accessed through lightweight resource calls, and data flow is managed bidirectionally. The platform utilizes SpringCloud microservice architecture to achieve loose coupling, agility, and effective resource isolation. Visualization of UI microservice cluster data streams is demonstrated, showcasing active and passive data rendering. The software implementation method for resource calls includes load balancing and Hystrix circuit breaker mechanism to ensure stable operation. The experiments validate that the micro-service architecture platform significantly improves processing efficiency compared to common monolithic platforms under the same user request conditions. Additionally, the platform demonstrates good real-time performance and scalability when handling a large number of user requests. Overall, the micro-service governance framework enhances the smart park platform, ensuring data integration, scalability, and open platform capabilities for the park's business ecosystem.